Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment

Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment Yuyao Wu As Rio bay waters show, we badly need innovation in treating human wastes August 13, 2016 3.41am AEST http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379 By referring the issue of poor water quality in the 2016 Rio Olympic water, Daniele Lantagne, an assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Tufts University, demonstrates how series untreated water can pose threat to peoples health through the article. Lantagne also informs people to think highly of the issue of disposing untreated water, arguing that sewerage systems are needed to apply in our lives. Treating waste water and sewage is not only a problem happened in Rio, but also a problem happened worldwide. Therefore, technical and social innovation are not only needed for disposing contaminated water, but also the inevitable elements for the process of sustainability. The writer applies a logical tone to inform the readers that peoples health is exposed to danger if they live in an environment contaminated with human waste. the untreated water causes 760000 children die from diarrhea per year worldwide and 162 million children under five suffer stunting, which is evidence by sanitation provision (2007). The writer makes her argument seem more reliable by the use of reliable evidence. It is sorrowful to accept that a large number of children die each year because of the contaminated water. Through the evidence, we can know that the situation is serious or might be more serious if we take no measure to treat the water before disposal. Thus, it highlights how urgent and necessary we need to improve sanitation faculties in order to reverse the health threats. Furthermore, Lantagne states that apply the waste treatment in life can increase the quality of life. The writer uses the fact that the project of the sewerage system in United States achieves significant success in providing treated and safe water to households. Indeed, in our daily life, water is the basic need for every human-being. The quality of water has a direct impact on human health. Therefore, we realise how vital roles the sewerage systems play in our lives. However, Lantagne argues that in reality, it is hardly to keep using sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines because of the financial reason and rapidly population growth. Through listing the limitation of sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines, Lantagne makes her point seem more objective and more considerable. Although the limitation of sewerage systems exists, we still need to use sewerage system to dispose untreated water. Lantagne consummates her argument by listing three examples for the further process of treating human waste, which are community mobilization strategies, Systems-based and social enterprise services. However, nowadays, it is not enough to provide the solution to treat the untreated water. Beforehand, sense of environmental consciousness is needed to be ingrained in peoples mind. Otherwise, lack senses of environmental consciousness will be one of the most obvious barriers to stop people to care, think and work out the solution for disposing contaminate d water or other environmental issues. Overall, the writer offers her opinions based on evidence and fact in a reasonable and logical tone, which makes her arguments seem more valid. The points raised by the writer is worth to reconsider as treating water before disposal is one of the most serious environmental issues. We need to know how serious health consequences we are suffering due to the contaminated water before we realize how urgent we need to apply the sewerage system in life. Besides, the senses of environmental consciousness are the basic knowledge impels us to work out the solution for environmental issues. References; http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379

Islamic Art and Architecture; Influence and Effects Essay

Introduction During the reign of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal rulers, architecture and art took on more meaning than it had in the past. The types of architecture and manuscript writing have had both symbolic significance and influence on the people of these empires. The architecture can be said to have had the greatest impact on the presence of power and devotion to Islamic arts of all of the empires, while manuscripts were held privately until trends influenced their spread over greater distances and people. The Ottomans, in their quest to expand their lands and influence, conquered Constantinople in 1453, which sparked a major period of construction in the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This large building initiative took place in order to encourage a repopulating of Istanbul, as well as the revitalization of the economy in this declining city. The buildings and complexes the Ottomans built shed an interesting light on their concerns and ideals. For example, while the complexes were mainly built as places of worship, they took on other roles, such as, centers for education, commerce, and hospital care. One complex is clear in its intentions to the public, as can be seen by the endowment deed, which read â€Å" to elevate matters of religion and religious sciences in order to strengthen the mechanisms of worldly sovereignty and to reach happiness in the afterworld†, (Bloom & Blair, 298). This combination of buildings in a complex format drew people from the old capital and cities of the empire, and generated revenue that amassed into fortunes for the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, however, were not the only empire to enjoy great wealth and displays of that wealth. The Mughals, who descended from the same Turkish conquerors as the Ottomans, also enjoyed prosperity from great building projects. The architecture of the Mughals was able to change with great regularity during its time, due to the constant movement of the central government. The Mughals also benefited from a blend of styles and influences to create their palaces. The most famous example of Mughal architecture was the Taj Mahal, which was built in the memory of a deceased favorite wife. In the building of temples and tombs in Mughal history, it is quite common to find them built as reminders to the community of saints, heroes, or loved ones. It was  also common to find that they lacked as muc h fine detail as their neighbors to the west, but brought new styles to the architecture derived from the rich traditions of the people of India. Unlike the Ottomans and The Mughal, the Safavids were derived from the family lineage of Mohammed the prophet. Despite this difference, the Safavids built great temples and complexes for similar reasons. The Safavids built great complexes, and like the Ottomans, they moved their capital to a centralized location in order to centralize power, and increase commerce. The Safavids also shared another trait in building with the Ottomans. They both had a strong emphasis on education, and liked to keep a watchful eye over it. For this reason, religious complexes often included the highest forms of education for both the government and the religion of Islam. Though in competition for much of their histories, the Ottomans and Safavids adhered to many of the same architectural styles, with one major difference. Due to their difference in branches of Islam, the Safavids, unlike their Sunni neighbors the Ottomans, had little problem with diverging from traditional customs of avoiding the use of depictions of animals and people in their design. This proved to enhance the appearance of the buildings, but also give them a unique place in the history of Islamic buildings. Manuscripts, on the other hand, have a very different history than do the magnificent buildings of the Islamic world. In the Ottoman Empire, as was true of most of the Muslim world, the Koran was the most copied manuscript. Copies of the Koran were reproduced with astonishing art, but were usually given as gifts to other rulers. In this system, the common person was excluded from viewing the finest manuscripts. Common manuscripts were produced by artisans, but lacked the high quality of that of the royal courts. The Ottomans also used their talents to reproduce manuscripts that depicted great rulers and events in history, as well as topography paintings that displayed the prominence of conquest in the Ottomans daily life. Ottoman manuscripts were not as popular or unique as the ones created by the Safavids or Mughals, but they did posses superiority in the ar t of calligraphy. Manuscripts from the Safavid and Mughal empires possessed greater detail in art, but most of the calligraphers were not as skilled as those of the Ottoman Empire. Despite this lack of good calligraphy, the Safavids and Mughals were more skilled in art and design. Like the Ottomans, the Mughals and Safavid empires copied  the Koran at a high rate, but only the best works of art were given away as gifts. This lack of quality reproductions, which included not only writing, but also painting, led to the decline of the bound book. This decline led to the development of an industry of artisans creating single manuscripts. These manuscripts allowed for both artistic differences that were hard to avoid in large manuscripts, and it allowed more people to posses art. They were collected into books, but they had a greater impact on both the people of the Muslim world and the Europeans, who were exploring the area heavily in search of people to colonize. The arrival of the Europeans also led to a decline in the production of small manuscripts, due to the fact that the printing press and mass production of books were arriving in Europe. Conclusion Islamic art and architecture both had more than one use in Islamic life. The architecture reminded the people of saints, great rulers, martyrs, or beloved figures, as well as serving as a center for religion, education, commerce, and medicine. The art of the Islamic world was originally used to tell of battles, heroes, and most popularly recreate the Koran. Art also allowed for the growth of writing, painting, and the distribution of ideas over greater distances than the spoken word. Both Islamic art and architecture still hold as reminders to Muslims and the world that great rulers, conquerors, and artists have made a lasting impact on the region and its culture.

Why Study Ethics?

http://faculty. polytechnic. org/gfeldmeth/4. ruggiero1. pdf Ruggiero 1 Why Study Ethics? If we have laws and religion, why do we need ethics? Ethics is the study of right and wrong. Everyone makes decisions each day that are essentially choices. For some, choices are considered strictly personal and no one else’s business: Should I have a strip of bacon with my eggs? But for some, even that simple choice has ethical ramifications: Should I eat meat? Is it anyone else’s concern that I eat meat?Other choices confront us as the day progresses: Should I call in sick? Should I obey the speed laws as I drive to work? Should I answer a friend’s question honestly or lie and potentially hurt her feelings? Should I be faithful to my spouse? How does one find answers to these questions? For some, laws and religion provide the answers. But for most, those two sources are insufficient. Ethical Relativism In the past for most people and even for many people today, an objectiv e moral standard that is binding on all people for all times exists.While there might be disagreement on what the standard was, most acknowledged that there was a â€Å"right† choice. But in the last half-century, there has been considerable erosion in the idea that a standard exists or is even needed. For many, decisions about what is right and wrong are complete personal and completely subjective: what is right for me may not be right for you. This is known as ethical relativism. It asserts that whatever an individual deems morally acceptable is acceptable for that person. To judge that is often considered unacceptably intolerant.As relativism or situation ethics, as it was called by some, grew in the 1960s, some critics warned that an attitude of complete toleration would make it difficult, if not impossible to reasonably discuss ethical issues. If no one view is better than another, how can one distinguish civilized from uncivilized behavior, or good and evil. If ethical choices are essentially the same as aesthetic or taste choices, then pursuing one choice of action is essentially no different that preferring a work of art or an author or a singing group.It is all just a matter of taste and your taste is as good as mine. One result of the growth of relativism is the reluctance of many to pass judgment on an individual or a deed. If the choice is between absolutism (â€Å"that is absolutely wrong† or relativism (â€Å"in some cases, for some individuals, that action may be wrong’), many opt for relativism as it seems more tolerant, more reasonable, less black-and-white. Many civilizations in the past practiced human sacrifice in religious rituals. Is it right to judge that practice as wrong?After all, freedom of religion is a pillar of American beliefs. Should I judge another culture’s practices even if I find it abhorrent? To cite a modern example, some cultures allow marriage of girls as young as 12 years old or a husband to have multiple wives. Are those issues that should be left up to a nation or people-group to decide or are there universal principles that apply? To get even more relevant to students living in American society, is it ok to download copyrighted music or movies?How about copying and pasting a paragraph from an Internet source such as Wikipedia into a paper? If I want to do that, isn’t it my choice? Who are you to say it’s wrong? Ethics and Laws One might wonder why we need ethics if we have laws? If we have a comprehensive set of laws that are consistently enforced, isn’t that enough? Of course, we need to ask who makes 1 Ruggiero 1 the laws and how do they decide whether a behavior is criminal. Consider sexual harassment.Because a legislator or even a number of them might say â€Å"I would never commit such an act† would not be enough reason to conclude that a law should be passed preventing others from committing that act. From the perspective of an ethi cal relativist, no one has the right to criticize another’s actions. The only defensible reason for a law against sexual harassment is that the act is wrong, not just for me but for everyone. And sexual harassment was clearly wrong long before it was made illegal. So laws are not possible without ethics.For a law to be passed, a person or a group of people have to make a decision about right and wrong. That has been the case from the start of human society, whether laws were determined by kings, religious leaders, or elected legislators. It does not mean that every law is morally right but every law starts with a concept of right and wrong. In fact, laws change over times. New circumstances arise so that laws must be revised to fit them. New technologies developed the need for new laws. In addition, attitudes change over time.Women were not permitted to vote in national elections until 1920. The 18th Amendment legalized Prohibition in 1919. The 21st Amendment repealed it in 1 933. Ethics and Religion Just as laws arise from ethics, ethics arise from religion. Religious thinkers have always spoken to the greater society on issues of moral concern. Sometimes they have assumed that their position is the only acceptable one, which hinders discussion and debate. Faith does not usually provide common ground to discuss ethical issues in a dispassionate or even-handed way.Many religious thinkers are absolutists and turn to an outside authority, God or the Bible or the Koran for their authority. Of course, to say the Bible says something suggests that it is a simple book easy for everyone to interpret. In fact, it is complex and subject to many different interpretations. This is why it is important to distinguish between religious ethics and religious beliefs. Religious ethics examines moral situations from a perspective, a set of principles. It is a starting point, not a defining â€Å"right or wrong† point. Inquiries 1.Canada’s government proposed that color photographs of diseased hearts and cancerous lungs and lips be printed on the front and back panels of every pack of cigarettes sold in that country. Canada’s tobacco industry claimed the practice was illegal. What is the ethical issue in this case? 2. When a Michigan man was arrested for soliciting a prostitute, his car was impounded by the police. His wife, who co-owned the vehicle, claimed that the government’s action was improper because it punished her as well as her husband, even though she had no knowledge or part of his crime.Is her argument morally correct? 3. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) allows colleges and universities to make millions of dollars each year from the sale of tickets and television rights to games. Yet the NCAA does not permit student athletes to be paid. Is the NCAA’s position morally justifiable? 2 Ruggiero 1 4. A married couple, both drug addicts, is unable to care for their infant daughter. The cour t takes her from them and places her in a foster home for a number of years and she comes to view her foster parents as her real parents.When she is nine years old, her natural parents, now in drug recovery, ask the courts to return custody to them. The case is decided in their favor and the girl is returned to them, against her will. Does ethics support the court’s decision? 5. A Milpitas, California, boy raped and then killed his girlfriend and dumped her body in a lovers' lane gully. Over the next few days, the killer boasted to his high school friends and the word quickly spread that the girl was dead and that her body was in the gully. Carload after carload of high school students visited the gully to see the body.Some students prodded it with sticks or kicked it; one girl ripped a decal from the dead girl's jeans. Only one boy reported the murder to the high school principal, and even after the police investigation was well under way, only two students would identify th e killer or volunteer any information. Since failure to report a body or to volunteer to testify is not a crime, the students could not be charged legally. But was the behavior of any of the students morally acceptable? Why or why not? Based on Thinking Critically About Moral Issues by Vincent Ruggiero 3

Understanding Bipedalism Hypothesis in Human Evolution

New York And The Civil War - 873 Words

New York’s Role in the Civil War New York played a huge role in the Civil War as it was the biggest provider for tools, capital and soldiers during the war effort. New York was also the center of the Civil War Draft Riots. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. The war lasted four years and it left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead. In the end much of the South s infrastructure was destroyed, the Confederacy collapsed and slavery was eventually abolished. In the 1860’s or the Civil War era, New York was the biggest city in the nation. It was divided between positive and negative feelings towards Slavery. In one hand the rich took advantage of the cotton trade, while on the other hand NY was also becoming the center of antislavery organizing. About one-fifth of the Union Army was made up of New York soldiers. New York enlisted 465,000 soldiers into the Union armed forces, which was more than any other state. Over 50,000 of them died. Over 20% of all the men in the state and over 50% of men under the age of 30 served during the Civil War. More than 130,000 were foreign-born, including about 20,000 from Canada, 51,000 from Ireland, and 37,000 from Germany. [*1] The War Department credited New York with 404,805 white soldiers, 39,920 sailors and marines, and 4,125 colored soldiers. [*2] New York eventually provided 27 cavalry regiments, 15 artillery regiments, 8 regiments ofShow MoreRelated New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War Essay2901 Words   |  12 PagesNew York City Before, During, and After the Civil War In its long and illustrious history, New York City (NYC) has gone through tremendous change. From a small trading post on the tip of Manhattan Island, to the greatest metropolis in the world, NYC has continued to evolve over time. One period in particular that had more degrees of change than many others, was 1860 to 1865. The lives of the residents of the great port city would be completely changed forever. The common life of a NYCRead MoreThe Civil War and American Art Exhibit at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Review614 Words   |  3 PagesSaturday, June 15 I attended the Civil War and American Art exhibit at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. There were a number of different people who were present on this occasion. I believe there were so many people there because this is one of the better known art galleries throughout New York. Additionally, the fact that today was part of the weekend probably contributed to the massive crowds of people present. Not everyone was there to attend the Civil War and American Art exhibit, however;Read MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 Pageswere various types of races, ethnicities, and nationalities all in one geographical area. 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While being poor during the Reconstruction, the Great Depression, and the Civil Rights movement were each devastating, the nature of poverty would evolve as the cultureRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Gettysburg1316 Words   |  6 PagesGettysburg General William T. Sherman put it best when he said War is Hell( Foote 1 ). The Civil War was the largest war fought on American soil. Over a million lives were lost and millions more were affected. Billions of dollars were spent by the United States and billions were spent by the Confederate States to fund this war. Three days were spent in the month of July of 1863 in pure hell. The largest battle of the Civil War was fought near a small town in Pennsylvania. Over 50,000 lives

Feminism And The First, Second, Or Third Wave - 1272 Words

When referring to the history of feminism in the manner of the first, second, or third wave, one is undermining the experiences that were ongoing during, in middle of, and before those waves that history defines. What ideologies of oppression were being spoken of to raise awareness and whose experience was being excluded/diminished? The articulation of feminism in using the metaphor of waves to describe how the ideologies peaked and rescinded, is incorrect because it focuses only on the voices of those who were able to bring their problems to the surface and excludes those who had a different experience or may have brought awareness in a quieter manner. There are many feminisms and each interpretation is defined by the collective oppression, rather than looking at the situation in an individual perception, which is what creates disagreements and division between feminists. Many definitions of feminism, feminisms, exist simultaneously because it is evolving as fast (or, well, as slow) as the world is changing and if one group of people are to speak of others experience of oppression (or lack of) in place of them, the result can be the glossing over of experiences and therefore, undermine experiences of others. The closest working definition feminism holds states: feminism is a social and political movement that seeks equality of opportunity for all people, regardless of gender; and when there is no equality of outcome, feminists wonder why. However, not everyone is aware ofShow MoreRelatedThird Wave Feminism : First And Second Wave1813 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 2: Third Wave Feminism First and second wave feminists succeeded in legal and social rights. In addition, they achieved the right to vote, higher education, and the right to their own body. 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It can be argued that feminism had its day due to lack of momentum behind a third and fourth stage of its movement resulting in a decline of feminism in this generation. In this essay, I will be focusing more attention on the first and second waves of feminism compared to third stage of feminism. The first wave of feminismRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. 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After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the largest players in the current mainstream music scene not only identify as feminist but also encourage their millions of fans to do the same. 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Communication in the IT Workplace

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in the IT Workplace. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the importance of effective communication in an organization. It is required to be maintained by both the manager and his or her fellow members. This is the process of information transmission from the sender side to the receiver. In order to maintain the working relationship in the workplace, appropriate communication is required to be maintained by the manager and all other employees working for the organization. The strategies of effective communication, different communication processes, channel of communication and importance of effective communication in the workplace is discussed in this report. Not only this but also, quality of a manager helps to build creativity and innovation in the team of IT professional. In every IT organization, the project manager or the branch manager should maintain open communication process so that, they could gain ideas from all other employees working for the organization. Process Flow of Communication Needed to be Maintained by the Manager of an IT Organization The process flow of communication holds five different components such as sender, encode, communication channel, receiver, decode and feedback. The sender initiates the process of communication by formulating idea from different resources (Jehanzeb, Rasheed Rasheed, 2013). The sender might use words and different communicating symbols to create effective ideas that the receiver could easily understand. In an IT firm the IT manager is required to convey the desired idea to his fellow team members so that they could execute that idea effectively. The proper execution of that idea will be beneficial for the IT firm. The communication process must adapt certain strategies it will help the manager to become more and more innovative and creative as well. The manager should encode his ideas by integrating different words, expression, gesture and symbols to compose a message (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). The outcome of the message might be in the form of written language, verbal, non-verbal. The information or idea flows through a communicating channel. The IT manager can convey his message to the receiver through meeting, conference, emails etc. After getting the information it is needed to be decoded by the receiver to convert it into a meaningful message. In effective communication, the receiver is required to decode the information properly. If the receiver does not understand the message properly then the entire flow of communication will be a failure (Dobre, 2013). From the contemporary researchers it has been found that, effective communication process inside the global business ambiance is currently one of the most important areas of research. If the form of transmitting ideas changes than the perspectives will also change. After receiving and understanding the message properly a feedback or invoice is needed to be delivered. After sending acknowledgement the communication process will be stated it be completed. Effective Communication Strategies adapted by Manager for Sustainable Innovation and Creativity Sustained innovation comes from developing a collective sense of purposes. The unconventional opportunities help to built creativity and innovation in the existing IT management system (Noruzy et al., 2013). The managers should adapt certain strategies for sustainable business innovation and creativity. The strategies are as follows: Establishing a clear sense of direction: In every level of IT organizational innovation, manager creates a psychological ambiance. As, the business grows the organizational management structure also develops and the roles and the responsibility of a manager also increases (Barrick et al., 2015). The cultural change changes the mind and the thought of the manager and the employees. A tolerance for risk and failure: The capacity of risk tolerance is also required. Tolerance of certain degree of failure, as a necessary part of growth is an important part of encouraging innovation. Innovation includes different types of risks It is known to all that, the employees do not take risks until they understand the objective of an organization (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The risk management provides flexible framework to the employees through which they can operate and also understand that failure are recognized to be a simple step in the learning system. Elimination of the non working projects: The manager should focus on the progress of the entire organization. In order to maintain the revenue and cost benefit management and to avoid the exceeded cost the unwanted projects are needed to be listed and eliminated from the core business process of the organization (Keyton et al., 2013). The business processes and IT projects that are no longer required by the organization should be eliminated from the progress activity. If the manager does not remove the unwanted project then it will affect the cost management of the business organization. In order to maintain the effective communication certain communication strategies are required to be adapted by the IT manager. This is referred to as one of the major components of communication to be considered. If a manager of an organization unable to deliver proper communication then, the manager fails to gain the commitment from the fellow employees. It also affects the pre determined business objectives (Mazzei, 2014). Not only this but also no one bother about their intension, if an IT manager fails to become a leader. For the overall success of an organization, clear messaging system is very important. Though, all employees cannot use same level of communication process, but still there are certain level of communication processes that are generally followed by the IT managers and other team members. The communication strategies are as follows: Open communication process: A manager of an IT organization should maintain open communication process rather than downward and upward communication. In this process the top level management is bound to listen to others to formulate effective and beneficial ideas. Open communication allows both the manager and the employees to be more engaged with their work. In this process, the employees feel free to share their opinion with their superior (Guzzi et al., 2013). With the help of collaborative communication process, a well structured IT project can be created. Good listening: Rather than a good speaker an IT manager of an organization is needed to be a good listener. Communication process is not just all about talking. A great deal of management level communication process includes listening to others (Guzzi et al., 2013). Most of the times it is found that, people concentrates on giving answers while listening to others. Inclusive: If inclusive communication process is adapted by the managers then, it forces the employees to feel that they are also involved in the decision making approach. Even this process affects the daily work of the organization (Jones et al., 2014). The involvements of the employees are key factors that affect the employee level satisfaction and success as well. Two ways: The managers should adapt two way communication process including upward and downward. This kind of communication referred to as conversation. The thought of different people also differs from one another. In order to build appreciable IT project, the thought of others are needed to be integrated together to build an innovative as well as creative ideas (Mishra, Boynton Mishra, 2014). The mangers those who can successfully engage the employees are also capable to build efficient projects for the organization. Result driven: In order to measure the result, the business communication is required to be strategically focused. The behavior of the managers helps the employee to know the role of the individual. Channels of Communication In order to maximize the messaging strategies for the employers including the managers and other employees the manager need to understand the communication channel. They must select the effective communication channels. The employees want to achieve benefit from the communication generally in three different ways such as formal, informal and unofficial. Formal: The objectives, policy and the procedure of an organization send information through the help of this communication channel. These kinds of channels are generally used in the organizational purposes (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The messages can flow through a chain of command. The information flows from the managers to the subordinates. The formal communication channel helps to built business plans, customer satisfaction, annual report formation and other review meetings. Informal: The usage of only informal communication is not effective in an organization. In order to develop the communication process, a strict and hierarchical web communication approach cannot work efficiently in an organization (Brown et al., 2013). The chain of command, managers need could be disrupted if an organization uses particularly this type of communication channel. Unofficial: Sometimes interpersonal communication might take place in n organization. These types of communication processes are free of formalities it means that, when the co-workers communicate with each other they do not maintain any particular flow (Brown et al., 2013). This kind of communication is known as unofficial communication. Importance of Communication in the Workplace Nobody can deny the importances of communication in the workplace as in a working organization different people come from different location and their language also differs from one another (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). In order to eliminate this issue, the manager of a particular IT project should maintain certain standards to develop the communication. Though the professional and social backgrounds of different working employees are different but still they have a single organizational goal. The importances of communication in the workplace are as follows: Creation of job satisfaction among the employees: If the managers communicate efficiently with fellow team members then, the support acts as the motivation. The motivation of the managers, gives job satisfaction to the employees and it reduces the number of employees turnover (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The effective communication also helps to build loyalty and trust that attributes as a job satisfaction for the employees. The level of conflict decreases: If the employees work together with trustworthiness then, the level of conflict also decreases. Many conflicts can be resolved and prevented from the business organization, if the manager involves open communication process in the organization. With the help of open communication and mutual discussion, the organizational conflicts could be resolved. The productivity and innovation increases: One of most important and effective components considered by the workplace communication process, that plays role in the success and failure of an organization. Each and every organization has a predetermined goal, vision and objective (Jehanzeb, Rasheed Rasheed, 2013). If all employees including the manager focus on a single objective then, it will help to increase the level of productivity. Effective communication helps to deliver quality products to the consumers. Relationship formation: With the help of effective as well as open communication, relationship between personal and professional relationship will be developed and it will make the employees feel genuinely cared and valued as well. The friendly environment helps to create a better relationship among the working employees including the managers. Utilization of proper resources: If an organization faces different issues then, those are needed to be resolved to gain competitive advantages from the marketplace. Due to miscommunication different issues might occur in an organizational staff member. Unnecessary delay in the business process might take place (Brown et al., 2013). Therefore, for any organization effective communication and utilization of appropriate resources are needed to be served. If unnecessary resources are used then it will lead to wastage of money and effort as well. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, different the IT managers are needed to adapt certain communication strategies to foster creativity and innovation in a team of IT professional. The proper communication process flow from the initiation to feedback has been mentioned in this report. 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