New York And The Civil War - 873 Words

New York’s Role in the Civil War New York played a huge role in the Civil War as it was the biggest provider for tools, capital and soldiers during the war effort. New York was also the center of the Civil War Draft Riots. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. The war lasted four years and it left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead. In the end much of the South s infrastructure was destroyed, the Confederacy collapsed and slavery was eventually abolished. In the 1860’s or the Civil War era, New York was the biggest city in the nation. It was divided between positive and negative feelings towards Slavery. In one hand the rich took advantage of the cotton trade, while on the other hand NY was also becoming the center of antislavery organizing. About one-fifth of the Union Army was made up of New York soldiers. New York enlisted 465,000 soldiers into the Union armed forces, which was more than any other state. Over 50,000 of them died. Over 20% of all the men in the state and over 50% of men under the age of 30 served during the Civil War. More than 130,000 were foreign-born, including about 20,000 from Canada, 51,000 from Ireland, and 37,000 from Germany. [*1] The War Department credited New York with 404,805 white soldiers, 39,920 sailors and marines, and 4,125 colored soldiers. [*2] New York eventually provided 27 cavalry regiments, 15 artillery regiments, 8 regiments ofShow MoreRelated New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War Essay2901 Words   |  12 PagesNew York City Before, During, and After the Civil War In its long and illustrious history, New York City (NYC) has gone through tremendous change. From a small trading post on the tip of Manhattan Island, to the greatest metropolis in the world, NYC has continued to evolve over time. One period in particular that had more degrees of change than many others, was 1860 to 1865. The lives of the residents of the great port city would be completely changed forever. The common life of a NYCRead MoreThe Civil War and American Art Exhibit at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Review614 Words   |  3 PagesSaturday, June 15 I attended the Civil War and American Art exhibit at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. There were a number of different people who were present on this occasion. I believe there were so many people there because this is one of the better known art galleries throughout New York. Additionally, the fact that today was part of the weekend probably contributed to the massive crowds of people present. Not everyone was there to attend the Civil War and American Art exhibit, however;Read MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 Pageswere various types of races, ethnicities, and nationalities all in one geographical area. There were pros and there were cons during this time in America. The cons seemed to outweigh the pros; racism, wars, and other societal problems became major issues within North America. The ag e of the Civil War revealed the United of States Americas societal and racial issues in great depth. Acts of murder, assault, larceny, and destruction all took place in the Northern hemisphere of America. There were a seriesRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights933 Words   |  4 PagesSharifian Federal Government (GOVT-2305-71433) 30 September 2017 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Each year, 130 million children are born each year. Four million of these children are born in the United States. Unlike many other countries, the children of the United States are not just born with a head, shoulders, knees, and toes; they are born with the most fundamental form of American political values, civil liberties and civil rights. Civil liberties restrict the power of the government in order to protectRead MoreThe Barry/Bradford Family1442 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Civil War. The Civil War caused many men to turn against one another, and the war affected family life as well. â€Å"Approximately 620,000 soldiers died from combat, accident, starvation, and disease during the Civil War.† Most of the battles took place in the South, though some did take place in the North and the West. Southern politics and government changed greatly during this time with the new focus on winning the war. Women grabbed onto new opportunities opened up to them by the war. The membersRead MoreJohn J. Crittenden1245 Words   |  5 PagesNorth; the break or the failure of this compromise further angered both sides of the United States. 2. Fort Sumter Fort Sumter was a fort located at Charleston harbor in South Carolina. The attack from the Southern army at Fort Sumter started the Civil War between the Northern and Southern States. Abraham Lincoln sent help to the Union Army with food and resources that were short to Fort Sumter. However, the Confederate Government, the Southern and slave states, decided to capture the Fort insteadRead MoreThe Civil War and Reconstruction1315 Words   |  5 Pagespeople still had servants who were essentially slaves though they were paid a miniscule wage), as if it ever was a right. The Civil War commenced, and it was found that cause and the better ability to kill (Northern soldiers died at a rate two times that of Southern soldiers), was superseded by industry and ingenuity. Since the states in the South had been devastated by the War, it was deemed that the victorious but beneficent North would attempt to reconstruct the South into a more compliant neighborRead MoreEssay about The Battle of Vi cksburg678 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle of Vicksburg The Civil war cut our nation in two, Americans fighting Americans, brother against brother. A key battle fought westward was the turning point in the war: the Battle of Vicksburg. (Williams 3) Grant began to make plans for a campaign against Vicksburg. The campaign in the American Civil War culminating in the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant on July 4, 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant with theRead MoreThe Evolution Of Poverty During The Civil War1654 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica Poverty is a hardship that has existed in every milestone of American history. War impacted the economy of the country after the Civil War. The twentieth century would see wars, natural disasters, and economical depressions that contributed to the developing culture of poverty. Poverty in any time period is a shattering experience. While being poor during the Reconstruction, the Great Depression, and the Civil Rights movement were each devastating, the nature of poverty would evolve as the cultureRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Gettysburg1316 Words   |  6 PagesGettysburg General William T. Sherman put it best when he said War is Hell( Foote 1 ). The Civil War was the largest war fought on American soil. Over a million lives were lost and millions more were affected. Billions of dollars were spent by the United States and billions were spent by the Confederate States to fund this war. Three days were spent in the month of July of 1863 in pure hell. The largest battle of the Civil War was fought near a small town in Pennsylvania. Over 50,000 lives

Feminism And The First, Second, Or Third Wave - 1272 Words

When referring to the history of feminism in the manner of the first, second, or third wave, one is undermining the experiences that were ongoing during, in middle of, and before those waves that history defines. What ideologies of oppression were being spoken of to raise awareness and whose experience was being excluded/diminished? The articulation of feminism in using the metaphor of waves to describe how the ideologies peaked and rescinded, is incorrect because it focuses only on the voices of those who were able to bring their problems to the surface and excludes those who had a different experience or may have brought awareness in a quieter manner. There are many feminisms and each interpretation is defined by the collective oppression, rather than looking at the situation in an individual perception, which is what creates disagreements and division between feminists. Many definitions of feminism, feminisms, exist simultaneously because it is evolving as fast (or, well, as slow) as the world is changing and if one group of people are to speak of others experience of oppression (or lack of) in place of them, the result can be the glossing over of experiences and therefore, undermine experiences of others. The closest working definition feminism holds states: feminism is a social and political movement that seeks equality of opportunity for all people, regardless of gender; and when there is no equality of outcome, feminists wonder why. However, not everyone is aware ofShow MoreRelatedThird Wave Feminism : First And Second Wave1813 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 2: Third Wave Feminism First and second wave feminists succeeded in legal and social rights. In addition, they achieved the right to vote, higher education, and the right to their own body. Although, third wave feminists obtained these rights, they differentiated from focusing on laws and political processes like first and second wave feminists did. Instead, third wave feminists strived for individualism and diversity. Unlike labeling each other as feminists, the third wave departed from thisRead MoreFriedan And The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan1210 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the fight for equality between the sexes. It can be dated back to the mid-19th century with women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The first wave feminist procured the right to vote for American women. The following second and third waves built upon what the founding feminists created. The second wave of feminism was set off by the disenchantment women across America were experiencing. This disenchantment was caused by the nuclear family and the roles that the women inRead MoreThree Waves Of Feminism Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History Of The Three Waves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of theRead MoreFeminism And Women s Suffrage Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a critique of patriarchy, on the one hand, and an ideology committed to women’s emancipation on the other. The feminist movement can be see mainly in 3 stages in the UK. It can be argued that feminism had its day due to lack of momentum behind a third and fourth stage of its movement resulting in a decline of feminism in this generation. In this essay, I will be focusing more attention on the first and second waves of feminism compared to third stage of feminism. The first wave of feminismRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or the most recent, should not be supported, because they often tell myths that are just not true or usually use aRead MoreThe Political And Cultural Challenges That Feminists Have Contested Over Time Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of feminism into three waves; first, second and third. The first wave concentrated on women’s suffrage, the second wave focused on political and cultural disparities and the third wave analysed the definitions of femininity which takes a broad v iew of white upper class women. This essay will compare and contrast these waves examining the social, political and cultural challenges that feminists have contested over time. It will also discuss whether or not a fourth wave exists and seeksRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the largest players in the current mainstream music scene not only identify as feminist but also encourage their millions of fans to do the same. While this could potentially be a positive influence on a movement that has struggled to gain largerRead MoreFeminism : A Viable Social Scientific Approach933 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion Two Feminism has evolved to become a viable social scientific approach for investigating the social world surrounding us. This approach has witnessed several transformations, referred to as waves, with each representing a different set of actors, claims and organization. Throughout the history of the United States, and broadly western societies, feminist waves altered political, social and cultural orders changing them to the overall benefit of women (Maclaran, 2015). Despite their variationsRead MoreThe Three Waves of Feminism1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, telling her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took more than 100 years for men like John Adams to actually do so. With the help of half a dozen determined, and in this case white upper-middle-class, women the first-wave feminism, which spans from the 19th century to the early 20th century

Communication in the IT Workplace

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in the IT Workplace. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the importance of effective communication in an organization. It is required to be maintained by both the manager and his or her fellow members. This is the process of information transmission from the sender side to the receiver. In order to maintain the working relationship in the workplace, appropriate communication is required to be maintained by the manager and all other employees working for the organization. The strategies of effective communication, different communication processes, channel of communication and importance of effective communication in the workplace is discussed in this report. Not only this but also, quality of a manager helps to build creativity and innovation in the team of IT professional. In every IT organization, the project manager or the branch manager should maintain open communication process so that, they could gain ideas from all other employees working for the organization. Process Flow of Communication Needed to be Maintained by the Manager of an IT Organization The process flow of communication holds five different components such as sender, encode, communication channel, receiver, decode and feedback. The sender initiates the process of communication by formulating idea from different resources (Jehanzeb, Rasheed Rasheed, 2013). The sender might use words and different communicating symbols to create effective ideas that the receiver could easily understand. In an IT firm the IT manager is required to convey the desired idea to his fellow team members so that they could execute that idea effectively. The proper execution of that idea will be beneficial for the IT firm. The communication process must adapt certain strategies it will help the manager to become more and more innovative and creative as well. The manager should encode his ideas by integrating different words, expression, gesture and symbols to compose a message (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). The outcome of the message might be in the form of written language, verbal, non-verbal. The information or idea flows through a communicating channel. The IT manager can convey his message to the receiver through meeting, conference, emails etc. After getting the information it is needed to be decoded by the receiver to convert it into a meaningful message. In effective communication, the receiver is required to decode the information properly. If the receiver does not understand the message properly then the entire flow of communication will be a failure (Dobre, 2013). From the contemporary researchers it has been found that, effective communication process inside the global business ambiance is currently one of the most important areas of research. If the form of transmitting ideas changes than the perspectives will also change. After receiving and understanding the message properly a feedback or invoice is needed to be delivered. After sending acknowledgement the communication process will be stated it be completed. Effective Communication Strategies adapted by Manager for Sustainable Innovation and Creativity Sustained innovation comes from developing a collective sense of purposes. The unconventional opportunities help to built creativity and innovation in the existing IT management system (Noruzy et al., 2013). The managers should adapt certain strategies for sustainable business innovation and creativity. The strategies are as follows: Establishing a clear sense of direction: In every level of IT organizational innovation, manager creates a psychological ambiance. As, the business grows the organizational management structure also develops and the roles and the responsibility of a manager also increases (Barrick et al., 2015). The cultural change changes the mind and the thought of the manager and the employees. A tolerance for risk and failure: The capacity of risk tolerance is also required. Tolerance of certain degree of failure, as a necessary part of growth is an important part of encouraging innovation. Innovation includes different types of risks It is known to all that, the employees do not take risks until they understand the objective of an organization (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The risk management provides flexible framework to the employees through which they can operate and also understand that failure are recognized to be a simple step in the learning system. Elimination of the non working projects: The manager should focus on the progress of the entire organization. In order to maintain the revenue and cost benefit management and to avoid the exceeded cost the unwanted projects are needed to be listed and eliminated from the core business process of the organization (Keyton et al., 2013). The business processes and IT projects that are no longer required by the organization should be eliminated from the progress activity. If the manager does not remove the unwanted project then it will affect the cost management of the business organization. In order to maintain the effective communication certain communication strategies are required to be adapted by the IT manager. This is referred to as one of the major components of communication to be considered. If a manager of an organization unable to deliver proper communication then, the manager fails to gain the commitment from the fellow employees. It also affects the pre determined business objectives (Mazzei, 2014). Not only this but also no one bother about their intension, if an IT manager fails to become a leader. For the overall success of an organization, clear messaging system is very important. Though, all employees cannot use same level of communication process, but still there are certain level of communication processes that are generally followed by the IT managers and other team members. The communication strategies are as follows: Open communication process: A manager of an IT organization should maintain open communication process rather than downward and upward communication. In this process the top level management is bound to listen to others to formulate effective and beneficial ideas. Open communication allows both the manager and the employees to be more engaged with their work. In this process, the employees feel free to share their opinion with their superior (Guzzi et al., 2013). With the help of collaborative communication process, a well structured IT project can be created. Good listening: Rather than a good speaker an IT manager of an organization is needed to be a good listener. Communication process is not just all about talking. A great deal of management level communication process includes listening to others (Guzzi et al., 2013). Most of the times it is found that, people concentrates on giving answers while listening to others. Inclusive: If inclusive communication process is adapted by the managers then, it forces the employees to feel that they are also involved in the decision making approach. Even this process affects the daily work of the organization (Jones et al., 2014). The involvements of the employees are key factors that affect the employee level satisfaction and success as well. Two ways: The managers should adapt two way communication process including upward and downward. This kind of communication referred to as conversation. The thought of different people also differs from one another. In order to build appreciable IT project, the thought of others are needed to be integrated together to build an innovative as well as creative ideas (Mishra, Boynton Mishra, 2014). The mangers those who can successfully engage the employees are also capable to build efficient projects for the organization. Result driven: In order to measure the result, the business communication is required to be strategically focused. The behavior of the managers helps the employee to know the role of the individual. Channels of Communication In order to maximize the messaging strategies for the employers including the managers and other employees the manager need to understand the communication channel. They must select the effective communication channels. The employees want to achieve benefit from the communication generally in three different ways such as formal, informal and unofficial. Formal: The objectives, policy and the procedure of an organization send information through the help of this communication channel. These kinds of channels are generally used in the organizational purposes (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The messages can flow through a chain of command. The information flows from the managers to the subordinates. The formal communication channel helps to built business plans, customer satisfaction, annual report formation and other review meetings. Informal: The usage of only informal communication is not effective in an organization. In order to develop the communication process, a strict and hierarchical web communication approach cannot work efficiently in an organization (Brown et al., 2013). The chain of command, managers need could be disrupted if an organization uses particularly this type of communication channel. Unofficial: Sometimes interpersonal communication might take place in n organization. These types of communication processes are free of formalities it means that, when the co-workers communicate with each other they do not maintain any particular flow (Brown et al., 2013). This kind of communication is known as unofficial communication. Importance of Communication in the Workplace Nobody can deny the importances of communication in the workplace as in a working organization different people come from different location and their language also differs from one another (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). In order to eliminate this issue, the manager of a particular IT project should maintain certain standards to develop the communication. Though the professional and social backgrounds of different working employees are different but still they have a single organizational goal. The importances of communication in the workplace are as follows: Creation of job satisfaction among the employees: If the managers communicate efficiently with fellow team members then, the support acts as the motivation. The motivation of the managers, gives job satisfaction to the employees and it reduces the number of employees turnover (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The effective communication also helps to build loyalty and trust that attributes as a job satisfaction for the employees. The level of conflict decreases: If the employees work together with trustworthiness then, the level of conflict also decreases. Many conflicts can be resolved and prevented from the business organization, if the manager involves open communication process in the organization. With the help of open communication and mutual discussion, the organizational conflicts could be resolved. The productivity and innovation increases: One of most important and effective components considered by the workplace communication process, that plays role in the success and failure of an organization. Each and every organization has a predetermined goal, vision and objective (Jehanzeb, Rasheed Rasheed, 2013). If all employees including the manager focus on a single objective then, it will help to increase the level of productivity. Effective communication helps to deliver quality products to the consumers. Relationship formation: With the help of effective as well as open communication, relationship between personal and professional relationship will be developed and it will make the employees feel genuinely cared and valued as well. The friendly environment helps to create a better relationship among the working employees including the managers. Utilization of proper resources: If an organization faces different issues then, those are needed to be resolved to gain competitive advantages from the marketplace. Due to miscommunication different issues might occur in an organizational staff member. Unnecessary delay in the business process might take place (Brown et al., 2013). Therefore, for any organization effective communication and utilization of appropriate resources are needed to be served. If unnecessary resources are used then it will lead to wastage of money and effort as well. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, different the IT managers are needed to adapt certain communication strategies to foster creativity and innovation in a team of IT professional. The proper communication process flow from the initiation to feedback has been mentioned in this report. Apart from this, the report also demonstrated the different channel of communication that an IT manager uses and at the same time, how an open communication helps to evaluate the project objectives exactly are mentioned in this report. In addition to this the report also mentioned, the importance of communication in the workplace is also elaborated. Though, certain barriers in communication are also found, which are needed to be mitigated to build effective communication between the manager and other IT professional project team members. References Barrick, M. R., Thurgood, G. R., Smith, T. A., Courtright, S. H. (2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), 111-135. Brown, P., Fraser, K., Wong, C. A., Muise, M., Cummings, G. (2013). Factors influencing intentions to stay and retention of nurse managers: a systematic review.Journal of Nursing Management,21(3), 459-472. Dobre, O. I. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance.Journal of Management and Socio-Economic, (1). Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Guzzi, A., Bacchelli, A., Lanza, M., Pinzger, M., Van Deursen, A. (2013, May). Communication in open source software development mailing lists. InMining Software Repositories (MSR), 2013 10th IEEE Working Conference on(pp. 277-286). IEEE. Jehanzeb, K., Rasheed, A., Rasheed, M. F. (2013). Organizational commitment and turnover intentions: Impact of employee's training in private sector of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Business and Management,8(8), 79. Jones, P., Simmons, G., Packham, G., Beynon-Davies, P., Pickernell, D. (2014). An exploration of the attitudes and strategic responses of sole-proprietor micro-enterprises in adopting information and communication technology.International Small Business Journal,32(3), 285-306. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), 152-169. Khorvash, F., Afghari, A. (2016). Oral communication capabilities of managers: The case of Iranian middle managers.Cogent Social Sciences,2(1), 1191104. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A. M. E., Villanueva, P. (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), 327-340. Mazzei, A. (2014). Internal communication for employee enablement: Strategies in American and Italian companies.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(1), 82-95. Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), 183-202. Muenjohn, N., Armstrong, A. (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V. M., Azhdari, B., Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: an empirical investigation of manufacturing firms.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,64(5-8), 1073-1085. Treweek, S., Oxman, A. D., Alderson, P., Bossuyt, P. M., Brandt, L., Bro?ek, J., ... Liberati, A. (2013). Developing and evaluating communication strategies to support informed decisions and practice based on evidence (DECIDE): protocol and preliminary results.Implementation Science,8(1), 6. Zhang, X., Venkatesh, V. (2013). Explaining employee job performance: The role of online and offline workplace communication networks.Mis Quarterly,37(3), 695-722.

Stereotypes of Native Americans in Film

Introduction Native Americans are the people who lived in the supercontinent of America before the Europeans went to settle there. They are the indigenous people of the continent of America. Some people also call them the American Indians. These people did not welcome the Europeans movement to their continent.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stereotypes of Native Americans in Film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like any other society in the pre-colonial times, the Native Americans faced the Europeans with hostility in their attempt to prevent the whites from settling in their native land.  Their actions and nature made the Europeans develop a negative attitude towards them since they did not give them a chance to control the society. This became the platform for moviemakers in the film industry not only during those times, but also in the present time. It created the atmosphere of stereotypes in film s especially those from the West.  According to Lippmann, stereotypes are standardized mental pictures that members of a group hold in common and present a simplified opinion, prejudiced attitude and judgements that are not critical (24). Native Americans were simple people who based their culture more on mystery than science. North America had approximately six hundred different indigenous American societies speaking two hundred different languages. The whites treated all these societies as one entity in stereotyping the Native Americans (Barnett 72). The film industry has played an important role in bringing out the perceptions of the Europeans towards the Native Americans. According to Battaille and Silet, Native Americans have appeared in movies/films since the beginning of the industry in 1894 (14). It is important to note that the stereotypes held towards the Native Americans are negative and damaging and this underscores racism and segregation that this minor group has expe rienced throughout the history. Stereotyping of the Native Americans was not only by films, but also by other forms of art. The western community also used fiction and literature. However, films/movies earned masses of audience due to its ability to show moving images. The images in the films helped the audience to get a more precise image of the stereotypes than the other forms of art. However, the stereotypes of the Native Americans in films have exhibited a gradual change over the centuries. Films and perpetuation of Native Americans stereotypes There are several reasons why the media, films, stereotyped the Native Americans. The Western Community wanted to confirm their superiority. They viewed the Native Americans as people who had juvenile and unsophisticated minds (Tuska 18). They wanted the American Indians to embrace their civilized way of living-their social values, worldview, social structure as well as their beliefs.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the Native Americans had their own ways of living and did not find it necessary to adapt the ‘civilized’ ways of the Europeans. Stereotyping of the Native Americans was a type of entertainment. It is because the films have the ability to give an audio-visual presentation of events as well as people’s views.   Films and television presentations reach masses of audience. By presenting the stereotypical images of the American Indians in an entertaining manner, the Europeans were certain that the images would create the intended picture to the audiences’ minds. The impact of such films remained strong in most Americans’ minds to the extent of stigmatizing the indigenous Americans. The other major reason for stereotyping the Native Americans is that it was an approach for the white society to justify their stealing of land from the indigenous Americans. They a lso used stereotyping as a means of perpetuating the myths on how the western society built America. The Western Community used film images to present the Native Americans as savage, drunken, lazy, and heathen as well as people with who lacked family relationships. They portrayed the Native American man as an individual who was very primitive just like an animal (Delloria 3). An example of such a film is the â€Å"Wild West†. It depicts the Native Americans as haters who lack the least sense of morality. In this film, whenever a Native American character appears, he is involved in evil activities such as raping young girls or women, robbing and even killing people maliciously. Most of these films focused on the negative attributes of the Native Americans and the good traits of the western society. For instance, in the film ‘Wild West’, the western cowboys act as the good people who make relentless efforts to rescue the victims of the Native Americans’ acts . From the beginning of the Film industry to the end of the Second World War, all the scenes in films revolved around the negative perceptions that the Europeans had on the Native Americans. In some productions, the Europeans expressed their hatred of the Native Americans. This was evident on the movie, ‘The Searchers’ which centres on a young girl who was taken after the murder of her parents. During the search, one of the western men found one of the natives dead and shot him on both eyes. The shooting of the dead man is an expression of the western’s society hatred on the Native Americans.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stereotypes of Native Americans in Film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other films that perpetuated Native American stereotypes are ‘Duel in Diablo’, ‘Redman and the Child’, ‘Ramona’ and ‘The Battle of Elderberny Gulc h’. In all these films, the directors/producers did not use Native Americans as characters. The stars of horror movies such as Bela Lagos and Lon Chuney represented the ‘savages’. However, there are some few cases where Native Americans appeared in the films to enhance the creation of an appropriate atmosphere. Native Americans who appeared in such movies include Will Rogers, Chief Dan George, Graham Green and Willie Sampson. By 1890, the Western Society had killed most of the Native Americans. Prior to these years most of the film producers had taken their plots. Since the settlement of the whites in America, producers created many films depicting the bad character of the Native Americans. Between 1951 and 1970, for example, western film producers produced approximately eighty-six movies based on stereotype themes (Delloria 4). The aspect that made these films to find an extensive market was the violence that they portrayed. The emotional aspect that the war fil ms bring plays a major role in engaging the audience thus attracting masses to these films.  The stereotypes fall under three categories. Based on time, the Europeans treated the Native Americans as creatures of a particular time-the time when they were devoted to fight for their land. During this time, the whites experienced the savage warrior in the Native Americans’ land. The second category of the stereotyping is that of the negative interpretation of the American culture by the Europeans. The Americans and the western society had very different cultural values. The Europeans attempted to interpret the Native American culture using their own cultural values through these films. It led to the creation of more stereotypes. The European view of the different American society as one identity is the final category of stereotypes. Different individuals as well as societies have different ways of doing things. The Europeans did not put this into consideration leading into the misconception of the American Indians. Modern day stereotyping of the Native Americans The increased use of films in stereotyping the Native Americans widened the gap between the Native Americans and the Europeans. As a result, the film producers decided to change the theme of most of their movies. The first film that they produced to make the audience sympathise with the Native Americans was the ‘Lone Ranger’ though Tonto, the main character representing the Native Americans was less intelligent.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It opened a way of improving the image of the Native Americans in films. Another film by Delmer Daves, the ‘Broken Arrow’ treated the Native Americans in a sympathetic way. Tuska said that, â€Å"†¦It is the only movie that asked audiences to take the side of the Indians† (26).  It is the first film to win the Association of American Indian Affairs Award. The other films that played an important role in breaking the stereotypes were, ‘Tell them Willie Boy is here’, ‘Dancers with Wolves’, ‘Little Bigman’ and the ‘Soldier Blue’. The Americans produced these movies between 1949 and 1991. The image of the Native Americans portrayed in films changed gradually. Producers of such movies chose to major in uplifting the status of the Native Americans. The films no longer depicted the Native Americans as savages, primitive and lazy people. On the contrary, they were smart people who saved their country from the exp loitation by the Europeans.  A most recent film that has helped to paint a good picture of the Native Americans is ‘Dr. Quin Medicine Woman’. It is an example that brings out most of the good traits of the Native Americans. For instance, it portrays them as very helpful: Dr. Quin goes to look for a medicine to cure an illness of the whites. When the town people did not have food to hold a thanksgiving feast, the Native Americans gave them food for the occasion. The Native Americans, in this film, are very friendly as compared to previous films that portrayed them as beasts. They are also more intelligent than the white people are. It is evident that with time the Europeans have respectfully perceived the Native Americans.  Education is a factor that has played a major role in eliminating the Native American stereotypes. It made many people understand that the relationship between the Native Americans and the whites was solely human. Education made people to understa nd the history of the American Indians leaving them with no excuse to condemn their culture. It further explains that any other group of people would have acted just as the Native Americans. Most people now understand that stereotyping was an approach that the Europeans employed to justify the stealing of the Native Americans’ land and exploitation of their resources. With this understanding, the film industry has ceased from using misleading stereotypic films of the Native Americans. As a result, there has been a decline of such movies. In their efforts to restore their dignity and improve their image, the Native Americans have also found their way to the film industry. Unlike in the past, the film producers incorporate Native Americans as stereotypes of the good traits. This has been a major improvement in the industry. Conclusion Stereotypes of Native Americans in films initially portrayed the Americans as the worst people that have ever existed in the entire American hist ory. The stereotypes portrayed the American Indians as hostile, vengeful, immoral and savage. These films received great audience within the American territories. However, they exhibited a declining trend at the end of the Second World War. In this period, producers got a new plot for their movies. The first film that portrayed a good image of the Native Americans won the Association of the American Indian Affairs Award. The award played a major role of motivating the film industry producers to work on improving the image of the native Americans though their productions. Consequently, the industry produced more films that boosted the status of the Native Americans. The films changed the image of the American Indians, from the bad I to good. The good Indian was brave, simple, close to nature and friendly to the whites. Modern films and television presentations have embraced productions that portray the Native Americans as good people in their own perspective. The other aspect that ha s contributed to this achievement is education. It has made large populations understand the history of the Native Americans. Many people know that the Europeans treated the Native Americans with great hostility; therefore justifying the Americans’ reaction. Owing to this, we expect that in future the film industry will continue to present good image of the American Indians.. Works Cited Barnett, Louise.The Ignoble Savage: American Literary Racism. Westport,  Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975. Battaille, Mathew, and Silet, Lester. The Entertaining Anachrosm. New Jersey: Jerome  Ozer Publishers, 1980. Delloria, Vine. Custer Died for your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. Norman, Oklahoma:  Lippmann, Walter. Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan Press, 1961. Tuska, Jon. The American West in Film: Critical Approaches to the Western. Westport,  Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985. This research paper on Stereotypes of Native Americans in Film was written and submitted by user Marisol U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

General William Tecumseh Sherman - Civil War

General William Tecumseh Sherman - Civil War William T. Sherman - Early Life William Tecumseh Sherman was born February 8, 1820, in Lancaster, OH. The son of Charles R. Sherman, a member of the Ohio Supreme Court, he was one of eleven children. Following his fathers untimely death in 1829, Sherman was sent to live with the family of Thomas Ewing. A prominent Whig politician, Ewing served as a US Senator and later as the first Secretary of the Interior. Sherman would marry Ewings daughter Eleanor in 1850. When he reached the age of sixteen, Ewing arranged an appointment for Sherman to West Point. Entering the US Army A good student, Sherman was popular but accumulated a large number of demerits due to a disregard for the rules pertaining to appearance. Graduating sixth in the class of 1840, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 3rd Artillery. After seeing service in the Second Seminole War in Florida, Sherman moved through assignments in Georgia and South Carolina where his connection to Ewing allowed him to mingle with the high society of the Old South. With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846, Sherman was assigned to administrative duties in newly-captured California. Remaining in San Francisco after the war, Sherman helped confirm the discovery of gold in 1848. Two years later he was promoted to captain, but remained in administrative positions. Unhappy with his lack of combat assignments, he resigned his commission in 1853 and became a bank manager in San Francisco. Transferred to New York in 1857, he was soon out of job when the bank folded during the Panic of 1857. Attempting law, Sherman opened a short-lived practice in Leavenworth, KS. Jobless, Sherman was encouraged to apply to be the first superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning Military Academy. The Civil War Looms Hired by the school (now LSU) in 1859, Sherman proved an effective administrator who was also popular with the students. With sectional tensions rising and the Civil War looming, Sherman warned his secessionist friends that a war would be long and bloody, with the North eventually winning. Following Louisianas departure from the Union in January 1861, Sherman resigned his post and ultimately took a position running a streetcar company in St. Louis. Though he initially declined a position in the War Department, he asked his brother, Senator John Sherman, to obtain him a commission in May. Shermans Early Trials Summoned to Washington on June 7, he was commissioned as colonel of the 13th Infantry. As this regiment had not yet been raised, he was given command of a volunteer brigade in Major General Irvin McDowells army. One of few Union officers to distinguish themselves at the First Battle of Bull Run the following month, Sherman was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to the Department of the Cumberland at Louisville, KY. That October he was made the departments commander, though he was wary of taking on the responsibility. In this post, Sherman began to suffer what is believed to have been a nervous breakdown. Dubbed insane by the Cincinnati Commercial, Sherman asked to be relieved and returned to Ohio to recover. In mid-December, Sherman returned to active duty under Major General Henry Halleck in the Department of the Missouri. Not believing Sherman mentally capable of field command, Halleck assigned him to a number of rear area positions. In this role, Sherman provided support for Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Though senior to Grant, Sherman put this aside and expressed a desire to serve in his army. This wish was granted and he was given command of the 5th Division of Grants Army of West Tennessee on March 1, 1862. The following month, his men played a key role in halting Confederate General Albert S. Johnstons attack at the Battle of Shiloh and driving them off a day later. For this, he was promoted to major general. Forging a friendship with Grant, Sherman encouraged him to remain in the army when Halleck removed him from command shortly after the battle. Following an ineffective campaign against Corinth, MS, Halleck was transferred to Washington and Grant reinstated. Vicksburg Chattanooga Leading the Army of the Tennessee, Grant began advancing against Vicksburg. Pushing down the Mississippi, a thrust led by Sherman was defeated in December at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. Returning from this failure, Shermans XV Corps were re-routed by Major General John McClernand and took part in the successful, but needless Battle of Arkansas Post in January 1863. Reuniting with Grant, Shermans men played a key role in the final campaign against Vicksburg which culminated in its capture on July 4. That fall, Grant was given overall command in the West as commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi. With Grants promotion, Sherman was made the commander of the Army of the Tennessee. Moving east with Grant to Chattanooga, Sherman worked to aid in breaking the Confederate siege of the city. Uniting with Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland, Shermans men took part in the decisive Battle of Chattanooga in late November which drove the Confederates back into Georgia. In the spring of 1864, Grant was made the overall commander of Union forces and departed for Virginia leaving Sherman in command of the West. To Atlanta the Sea Tasked by Grant with taking Atlanta, Sherman began moving south with nearly 100,000 men divided into three armies in May 1864. For two and a half months, Sherman conducted a campaign of maneuver forcing Confederate General Joseph Johnston to repeatedly fall back. Following a bloody repulse at Kennesaw Mountain on June 27, Sherman returned to maneuver. With Sherman nearing the city and Johnston showing an unwillingness to fight, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced him with General John Bell Hood in July. After a series of bloody battles around the city, Sherman succeeded in driving off Hood and entered the city on September 2. The victory helped ensure the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. In November, Sherman embarked on his March to the Sea. Leaving troops to cover his rear, Sherman began advancing toward Savannah with around 62,000 men. Believing the South would not surrender until the will of the people was broken, Shermans men conducted a scorched earth campaign which culminated in the capture of Savannah on December 21. In a famed message to Lincoln, he presented the city as a Christmas present to the president. Though Grant wished him to come to Virginia, Sherman won permission for a campaign through the Carolinas. Wishing to make South Carolina howl for its role in starting the war, Shermans men advanced against light opposition. Capturing Columbia, SC on February 17, 1865, the city burned that night, though who started the fires is a source of controversy. Entering North Carolina, Sherman defeated forces under Johnston at the Battle of Bentonville on March 19-21. Learning that General Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9, Johnston contacted Sherman regarding terms. Meeting at Bennett Place, the Sherman offered Johnston generous terms on April 18 that he believed were line with Lincolns wishes. These were subsequently rejected by officials in Washington who were angered by Lincolns assassination. As a result, final terms, which were purely military in nature, were agreed upon on April 26. The war concluded, Sherman and his men marched in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington on May 24. Postwar Service Later Life Though tired of war, in July 1865 Sherman was appointed to command the Military Division of the Missouri which included all the lands west of the Mississippi. Tasked with protecting the construction of the trans-continental railroads, he conducted fierce campaigns against the Plains Indians. Promoted to lieutenant general in 1866, he applied his techniques of destroying the enemys resources to the fight by killing large numbers of buffalo. With the election of Grant to the presidency in 1869, Sherman was elevated to Commanding General of the US Army. Though plagued by political issues, Sherman continued the fight on the frontier. Sherman remained his post until stepping down on November 1, 1883 and being replaced by Civil War colleague, General Philip Sheridan. Retiring on February 8, 1884, Sherman moved to New York and became an active member of society. Later that year his name was proposed for the Republican nomination for president, but the old general flatly refused to run for office. Remaining in retirement, Sherman died on February 14, 1891. Following multiple funerals, Sherman was buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. Selected Sources North Georgia: William ShermanUS Army: William T. ShermanHistoryNet: William T. Sherman’s First Campaign of Destruction

Smartphone Apps For College Students

Smartphone Apps For College Students If youre a college student, you know all about being busy with assignments, notes, appointments, dates and writing essays. You may need an extra boost of an organization in your lives. Whether you need a little help with getting and staying organized, or with keeping in touch with your family and friends, we have put together a list of the must-have smartphone apps for college students that can be used for different purposes. Just have a look! Voice Dream (iOS and Android) Whether youre a student who wants to be more productive or someone who prefer better listening than reading visually, Voice Dream is the right choice for you. Its an app for listening text documents, e-books, articles, and Web pages anywhere you want. Voice Dream has been suitably described as a Swiss Army knife for opening and reading audibly a wide range of file formats, ranging from Microsoft Word files to PowerPoint presentations. It also does a great job organizing and voicing PDF files, Plain text (TXT), Rich Text Format (RTF), Apple Pages (PAGE), Apple Keynote (KEY). Dragon Mobile Assistant (iOS and Android) With this app, you can send and receive text messages, emails, post Facebook and Twitter statuses, and much more. Dragon Mobile Assistant is using Nuances very accurate voice recognition technology, so you can set reminders, make appointments, and search the Internet – all hands-free. You can also ask about the weather or your upcoming appointments and be prepared for your day. Evernote (iOS, Android, Blackberry, Windows and WebOS) If you need a place to track and keep notes from class, Evernote will do that for you. Also, with this app, you can record voice memos, to-do lists and notes and access them when you cant remember something that didnt get written down. You can store anything in your Evernote account and it will automatically sync with all of your devices with Evernote downloaded. This way, this app makes you notes easy to capture. Wi-Fi Finder (iOS and Android) If you need a quiet place to study, but also need an Internet connection, Wi-Fi Finder is your new best buddy. Its navigation is built to help you find the nearest Wi-Fi connection in more than 650,000 locations in 144 countries worldwide. The most awesome thing about this app is that you dont need to be online to view the list of available Wi-Fi networks. Dropbox (iOS, Android, Blackberry and Kindle Fire) If you are looking for a way to keep your files on the go, you should download Dropbox app. With this app, you can have everything (from videos and audios to papers and notes) with you on your smartphone, stored on Dropbox. This means that this app allows you to easily share files, photos, and/or videos across almost any device or platform. SoundHound (iOS, Android, Nokia and Windows) It happens all the time that you hear a great song while sitting in a hall or coffee shop, but you dont know the author? This app will help you to identify the song and artist. Additionally, you can also find out more information about the artist, videos, and much more stuff like share read lyrics with your friends. SoundHound is impressive with identifying new music as well as slightly less popular tracks. One more awesome thing, this app can identify songs that you sing or hum, which is perfect for those situations when you get an undetectable song stuck in your head. Tabata timer (iOS and Android) Everybody knows that its very important to regularly do the exercises and stay in shape. If you dont have much time for that, Tabata Timer is a great app for you. Its very easy to use the app for high-intensity interval training. This app helps you to do Tabata Training, to burn your fat fast and gain the same benefits of long drawn out workouts.

South africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

South africa - Essay Example The companies’ efforts were however met with government’s counter strategies to maintain the practice of apartheid. Caltex, owned jointly by Texaco and SoCal is one example of foreign company operating in South Africa whose shareholders on many occasions tried hard to pass resolutions that were anti apartheid. This paper seeks to highlight Caltex, its conception in the South African market, its operations and how it affected the growth or downfall of the practice of apartheid. First we consider whether the entry of Caltex in South Africa empowered apartheid. Whether or not the utilitarian benefits of Caltex’s operations stood above the moral rights and justice violations that its presence seemed to propagate. In 1975 Caltex sought to expand its investment in South Africa. The expansion could cost $135 million, increase south Africa’s refining capacity by 11% and it promised a return on interest of about 20% i.e. approximately $27 million annually. In essence, a Return on Interest of $27 million annually, had a strong utilitarian benefit. After all Caltex is a profit making company and profit making is the major focus. However, this expansion would consequently strengthen the economy of the very government that was steadfast at maintaining apartheid as its legal policy. A strong economy meant a strong government and thus widespread apartheid. The commitment that Caltex later showed to the plight of their black employees is another utilitarian benefit that requires consideration. They moved 40% of their black workers to refinery jobs initially held by whites and they moved a total of 29 to the topmost four of the white collar and skilled job categories. Even though most blacks remained in the lower job categories, Caltex had at least shown their commitment to eradicating apartheid. The utilitarian benefits of Caltex presenting better working conditions

English 2 - DB 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English 2 - DB 3 - Essay Example Main Point 3: Alcohol has a negative effect on the health of the drinker since it exposes them to diseases such as cirrhosis (OMalley, & Wagenaar, 1991). Such chronic diseases reduce the life expectancy period and hence bringing the allowable drinking age to 18 years will consequently reduce the society’s life expectancy age. Sources 1: OMalley, P. M., & Wagenaar, A. C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 52(5), 478. According to the research done by O’Malley and Wagenaar, there is enough proof that reducing the drinking age has adverse negative effects. The effects negative not only affect the teenager, but they extend to the society both in the short and long run (OMalley, & Wagenaar, 1991). They note that the action would not have any advantages to the teenagers, and the only possible beneficiaries are the alcohol manufacturers since they will have increased sales. This journal discusses the effects of reducing the legal drinking age .according to the research; they note that alcoholism at a young age creates a risk to the teenager’s life in many ways. â€Å"Self-control at the age of 18 is very low and hence legalizing alcohol to young adults exposes them to diverse risks.† (Miron, & Tetelbaum, 2009). OMalley, P. M., & Wagenaar, A. C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 52(5),

The Shining Essay Example for Free

The Shining Essay Analysis of the Shining In the Shining, Stephen King’s idea was to show the reader that they don’t have to go looking in dark alleys for terrible monsters or demonic creatures, because in every human there is a chance for monsters to develop in ones mind. He also points out that a weak mind plus psychological problems, can allow exterior pressures to force you to think or do certain actions. In this novel the Torrance family settles in an isolated Colorado hotel, the Overlook. Jack Torrance, the father, gets a position as the winter caretaker. Jack, His wife and young son, Danny, are the only ones residing at the Overlook As the story unfolds you learn that Jack is a recovering alcoholic who has injured his son because of his own temper. His son, Danny has a psychic ability to read peoples thoughts and connect with spirits. The Overlook, the Hotel has a dark past and is very much alive with people that have died there long ago. As you read you realize the hotel will stop at almost nothing to add more spirits to its list. Stephen King reveals his ideas on mental illness and the influence that external pressures have on people. After Jack Torrance had given up drinking he was constantly fighting the urge to get a drink. . His dependency on alcohol caused Jack to almost become separated from his wife, led him to break his son’s arm, and his job loss as a teacher. He knew his father was an alcoholic and abused young Jack Torrance when he was a boy. Some days were good and others were not. Jack could no longer write his play; and would spend the day thinking about how he mistreated his family and how he wanted a drink. The hotel was now able to use his mental illness against him and influence his behavior. Jack would have drinks in the bar of the Colorado Lounge even though the liquor cabinets were abandoned of all bottles of any kind. He would drink and dance all night in the ballroom with the departed â€Å"guest†. This is where the previous care taker, one from the afterlife informed Jack that the hotel wanted him to be the manager forever. Jack only had to do eliminate his son and wife. Jack tried to pursue his new position, underlining Stephen kings message about the influence of external pressures on ones inner self. Because of Jacks mental illness the Overlook was able to influence his decisions.

Charles Shults :: essays research papers

PEANUTS The comic strip PEANUTS has always been a favorite of mine, and most of America’s. It’s been a hit ever since the first PEANUTS comic strip was printed on October 2nd 1950 in seven U.S. daily newspapers. Charles Shultz, the inventor of this imaginative comic strip, still comes up with every PEANUTS strip for the Sunday papers. He leaped from job to job after completing his art’s program, he was even an art teacher for a while, but finally made it to the top. His original comic strip was called "Lil’ Folks" but because of political issues he was forced to change it to PEANUTS. It is now the longest running and most popular of all comics. It was also one of the first comics ever to have more than a few characters. In fact in Shultz’s strip there were about twelve actual reoccurring characters, of which I am about to share with you along with a brief description of each. First off, of course, is Charlie Brown. He wins your heart with his losing ways. It always rains on his parade, his baseball game, and his life. He’s an stong willed boy who is afraid of arguments. Although he is concerned with the true meaning of life, his friends sometimes call him "blockhead." Other than his knack for putting himself down, there are few sharp edges of wit in that head of his; usually he’s the butt of a joke, not the joker. He can be spotted a mile away in his sweater with the zig zag trim, head down, hands in pockets, headed for Lucy’s psychiatric booth. He is considerate, friendly and polite and we love him knowing that he’ll never win a baseball game, or the heart of the the little red-haired girl, kick the football Lucy is holding or fly a kite successfully. His friends call him "wishy-washy," but his spirit will never give up in his quest to be all that he can be. Next on the list of introductions should be none other that Lucy Van Pelt, since I mentioned her once before. Lucy works hard at being bossy, crabby and selfish. She is loud and yells a lot. Her smiles and motives are rarely pure. She’s a know-it-all who gives out advice whether you want it or not--and for Charlie Brown, there’s a charge. She’s a real grouch, with only one or two soft spots, and both of them may be Schroeder, who prefers Beethoven.

Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) is commonly best known as the conceiver of the Kindergarten system. He was a German educationist who was brought up with a strong Christian religion, which was polar to his educationist idea. His love for nature besides weighs heavy on his thoughts and religion. He gained acknowledgment from his first major work in 1826 The Education of Human Nature, but became celebrated subsequently in life when his kindergarten system gained recognition. His thoughts of kindergarten later took root in England, America and Australia and his work and thoughts subsequently influenced Karl Marx. Froebel believed in the integrity in all things saying that: â€Å" an ageless jurisprudence pervades and governs all things. The footing of this all-controlling jurisprudence is an all-pervading, living, self witting and therefore ageless integrity. This integrity is God. † He believed in the integrity of cognition and the interconnectedness of all things. Froebel was of the sentiment that there are defined phases of babyhood, childhood, boyhood and manhood. Stage two of childhood was what Froebel deemed the most of import because he felt that at this phase they begin to come to footings with the integrity of the existence and get down inquiring inquiries about life. His apprehension of childhood was such that each kid has a godly kernel and is linked to the existence: â€Å" it is, so, with childhood that existent instruction begins. At this clip the head demands more attention and attending than does the organic structure † Froebel believed in the kid as basically good. He said â€Å" the lone infallible redress for antagonizing any defects and even evil is to happen the originally good beginnings, the originally good side of the humanaˆÂ ¦ † his belief of the built-in goodness of a kid relates to his thoughts that the kid should be encouraged to assist and educate themselves in a certain regard. He thought that single human chances would come about through the work of the person. He believed that â€Å" the intent of instruction is to promote and steer adult male as a witting, believing and comprehending being in such a manner that divine interior jurisprudence through his ain personal pick ; instruction must demo him the ways and significances of achieving that end. † Froebels ‘ strong belief that kids are of course originative persons and through drama they become cognizant of their topographic point in the universe led to one of his cardinal component of his pedagogical system, which is that of drama. He felt that broadens their apprehension of the environment they live in. Froebel thought that â€Å" drama is the purest, most religious activity of adult male at this phase, † and that â€Å" play, so, is the highest look of human development in childhood, for it entirely is the free look of what is in the kid ‘s ‘ psyche. † Froebel placed this accent on drama in Kindergarten with the usage of gifts ( play stuffs ) and businesss ( activities ) . He believed that worlds are basically productive and originative and through prosecuting with the universe, understanding could blossom. He presented the kids with a series of geometrical gifts that were in a system of classs. A gift was given one at a clip and the kid was left to detect its belongingss and possibilities for design. Here, Froebels thought of integrity was put into pattern, as each plaything related to the following in some manner, which exemplifies the integrity of all objects and things in the universe. For illustration, the first â€Å" gift † is a ball. Froebel writes that we should be â€Å" concerned merely with the ball itself in its simplest signifier and in its simplest dealingss. It may be free, or attached to a twine, and in each instance it can be moved either freely and indeterminately or vertically, horizontally, or sidelong, with mention to given surfaces. Here, as it were, it acts as a usher into the universe of things, following their lineations by its motions, and so stand foring themaˆÂ ¦should be considered in relation to the kid himself. † In this manner, the kid is free to detect the elements of the ball and educate and learn for themselves merely by observation and interaction with the ball. Froebel thought that â€Å" Every external object comes to adult male with the invitation to find its nature and relationships † the succeeding gift after the ball would be the Globe. Its has obvious similarities to the ball, but for a kid, it represents a new degree of apprehension, for illustration its weight means that it moves in a different manner to the ball. The Earth did non ostracize or replace the ball ; it reinforced the old gift of the ball. The kid would come on through phases of gifts and at the same time each phase of understanding. However Froebel was certain that â€Å" m erely the equal development of adult male at each predating phase can consequence and convey approximately equal development at each wining subsequently phase. † He finally felt that: â€Å" a toy is any thing which is related to the kid as agencies to a intent, and which, by making pleasant expectancy, calls forth drama in which he finds fresh and uninterrupted pleasance. † The activities set for the kids in Kindergarten included games, vocals and narratives designed to help in centripetal and physical development and socialization. By playing, kids socialise and copy grownup societal and economic activities as they are bit by bit led into the larger universe of group life. This relates to Froebels ‘ thought of whole kid instruction, where the kid is being educated all unit of ammunition as an person of society. Froebel believed that the teacher-student relationship should be one of equality, non authorization and felt that there should be a strong influence of the parent and siblings on the kid ‘s educational acquisition and ripening. He believed that the kid should have a spiritual instruction every bit good. He states: â€Å" I would educate human existences who with their pess stand rooted in Gods Earth, in nature, whose custodies reach even into Eden and there lay eyes on the truth, in whose Black Marias are united both Earth and Eden, the varied life of Earth and natureaˆÂ ¦ † I have discussed Froebels thought of the importance of drama in kindergarten and in the development of the kid. I believe it is one of his most specific and most emphatic elements of his pedagogical system. However In stating that term from the inquiry, it raises a few jobs. Pedagogy normally refers to a learning system of a comprehensive program on how to educate, whereas Froebels â€Å" teaching method † would be non to hold one. He believed that the kid ‘s environment made up the course of study for the instruction and the kids would learn themselves in certain ways and understand the environment and discover things for themselves. He said that: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦each single scholar contributes to, and collaborates in, his or her ain acquisition. † Through this job it is apparent that Froebel had certain thoughts on childhood that began his theoretical thoughts on kindergarten, which subsequently developed more to the full into a kind of teaching method. In decision it is clear that Froebel was extremely interested in the cardinal figure of the kid and their single acquisition experience, similar to that of today ‘s kid centred instruction. Froebel finally believed â€Å" the indispensable concern of the school is non so much to learn and to pass on a assortment and multiplicity of things, as it is to give prominence to the ever-living integrity that is in all things † Froebels kindergarten system and his thought of the nature of kids are rather cohesive in such ways that he allows the kid to educate themselves in the scene of the kindergarten thought usage of his gifts and allows the kid a certain freedom to research the natural universe and in bend develop their apprehension of the existence. He wanted to develop persons who were all rounded in their instruction and who had certain moral stances and who were in a manner, free minds. In decision, his overall apprehension and purpose of kindergarten was that: â€Å" Edu cation in other words, should take adult male to a clear cognition of himself, to peace with nature, to integrity with God. †

Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

The sub-Saharan Africa has been recognized internationally for the poverty which has taken a longer duration. This long duration of poverty in the Sub-Saharan, has been existing as a result of various issues, among which is the low sources of income. The persistence poverty has led to the people poor health status as well as poor living standards among other basic necessities. Various limitations have enhanced a continuous poverty in the world, and to be more specific in Sub-Saharan Africa, and causing problems in trials to help the situation. Among these limitations is critical threshold which involves the financial sources and savings of the Sub-Saharan countries, the dysfunctional institutions, and neighborhood effects, among others. All these limitations equally participate in the persistence poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa lies on the bottom when compared to other continent in terms of wealth, and this has been influenced a lot by the Africa’s low national savings. The national savings are determined by the domestic finance, and the effects of domestic finances have direct impact on national savings. Sub-Saharan Africa has low national savings because of their domestic finance is too little to support a good capital for individual workers in the Sub-Saharan Africa. This is because the workforce is high compared to the savings, thus creating a gap between the amount necessary to sustain the workers and the available amount. This has contributed a lot in the persistence of the poverty, because their has been an increase in the sources of labor, thus distributing the available low capital to the many workers leads to workers getting very little, and this has led also to the depreciation of capital. Efforts to solve this has been made by reducing the number of skilled workers and increasing their capital in terms of salary, but it has not been able to help, because when few people work, it means many people will have no source of capital, thus relying on the small working population, which increases the ratio of dependants and consuming a lot of the capital gained from the salaries, thus leaving nothing to be saved. This shows that the poverty traps can be over jumped in education if various individuals increases scales in cost of education in relating to skills premiums and household income. Poor economy in Sub-Saharan countries has been influenced a lot by the minimal education attainment. According to statistics, the dependant’s ratio in Sub-Saharan Africa is high around 0. 9 dependants per individual worker, with 88 percent of the dependants being young children with the age of less than fifteen years. The labor force growth has also been limited by the HIV and AIDS epidemic which has being continuously affecting the Sub-Saharan Africa, thus lowering the number of the skilled workers in the continent, who are expected to be providing labor for the continent. The low domestic savings has been evidenced by the ratio between Gross national savings and Gross national income, and this was 17% according to 2003 estimate by the World Bank. When these Sub-Saharan Africa countries are compared with the middle low income countries, the Sub Saharan African countries position lies behind all other because their net national savings is low, as a result of depreciation of their fixed capital, due to low investments and lack of replacement of the capital stock, thus continuous aging of the stock which enhances the depreciation of the stock’s value. According to the table below, it is clear that the national savings of Sub-Saharan countries in Africa is small to sustain the net increase in capital stock As a result of the poverty, the people in Sub-Saharan countries have dedicated the small income to the primary basic need, and especially consumption for their survival. This means that these people give consumption a priority, and since nothing is left after consumption, they end up not having anything to save. This explains why it’s hard for the sub-Saharan countries continue being inside the poverty traps. Many people in the Sub-Saharan Africa do not have investment opportunities, bearing in mind that an investment has the ability to create its own savings; this becomes inapplicable to these people because the investments which are expected to create the savings are not available. For example after an interview to a Kenyan, one of the Sub-Saharan citizens, around twenty percent of the Kenyan citizens have a title deed, showing that the remaining eighty percent have no ownership to land. Despite the fact that land is one of the major investment which many industrialized and developed countries account on, in their case, very few people own lands thus they cannot have any savings from land. (Pollin 2002). This means that there are low savings, savings are major sources of loans and sources of starting capital, thus in the case of Sub-Saharan countries, it is very hard to put capital into accumulation, due to lack of starting capital. Unlike the East Asian countries which have low income, the Sub-Saharan countries lack long term investments which can continuously produce new sources of savings and actual savings. Despite the East Asian’s low income, they have long term productive investments which help in sourcing savings, thus promoting both domestic and national savings which eradicates poverty, leaving a minimal need of foreign aids. The Sub-Saharan growth has been varying, thus causing growth instability. Only few of the Sub-Saharan countries had a standard growth rate, lower than the aggregate growth rate of the total countries. This instability has resulted from poor trade within and across the continent, due to lack of trade goods. The Sub-Saharan weather has a role in determining the agricultural output, since many of the countries rely on farming as a major source of income, and the variable weather in the countries has affecting agriculture greatly which has led to growth instability and the chronic poverty. Institutions lack finances they cannot monetize or mobilize domestic savings. As at 2003, the Banking sector credit was seventy three percent when expressed as a ration of GPD, compared to forty three percent in the low income countries. The table below gives the statistics which clearly shows that the productive private investment are rarely financed in Sub-Saharan countries and these investments need to be financed well to ensure that they have a positive impact on both domestic and national savings. Many trials have been made to stop the poverty in the Sub-Saharan Africa, whereby the strategies have always based eradication of poverty on the need for greater ambitions of the affected people, development of growth oriented strategies and a greater accumulation of long term capital. With this then growth can be increased, domestic savings as well as national savings. The trials have being hindered by an ideological mindset monetary policy and restrictive fiscal as these go contrary to the rapid economic growth that is necessary in Africa. This has been as a result of lack of any usable theory on how to promote a process which can sustain itself in relation to capital accumulation. This is because with a source of rapid capital that can be accumulated rapidly, then the Sub-Saharan countries to be able to involve in domestic and national savings as well as financing the private sectors as a result of savings amplification and financial liberalization which can decrease the poverty experienced in these countries. The poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa can be minimized by implementing strategies and policies to ensure that the growth rate in stabilized, ensuring that domestic resources are mobilized in a way that they can accelerate to thus accumulating capital, and balancing the ratio between capital and total output. To achieve this the public investment need to be put into working to ensure that public revenue are increased and to offer loans which maximizes the productive capacity of the economic, with a development which is long term. Tax policy should also ensure that the public revenue is in a rate that can enhance self-sustaining process proper revenue laws. The countries in Sub-Saharan countries are very low compared to industrialized countries, showing the reason for continuous low income and poor growth. The financial policy is necessary in mobilization of domestic savings. The policy ensures that the savings and external private financing are changed into long term investments which can easily and flexibly produce enhancing a continuous domestic and national savings. Monetary policies help in determining and regulating the inflation rates. The low rates are good for economic growth while high rates interfere with the interest of the poor thus limiting economic growth. However to eradicate poverty from the Sub-Saharan Africa, an average rate is more appropriate because very low rate slows the economic development while limiting employment, and very high rates can also have a negative impact on the poor countries economy. The poverty traps in the Sub-Saharan countries can be over jumped if all the above can be done, because a mass investment will definitely increase the Sub-Saharan productivity. (Bauer. 2000). This is because, the productivity will raise the output and this decreases the cost of each unit produced thus this can easily start up a chain which can positively reinforce the investment while reducing the costs. This clearly shows that to overcome poverty in Sub-Saharan countries each individual has to work hard, either individually as groups to ensure that the poverty is eradiated, since poverty never entraps anybody, but with no efforts to work against it, the Sub-Saharan countries can persistently live in it. Hard work is necessary not only to overcome poverty but also to maintain wealth since being lazy encourages poverty trapping. Dysfunctional institutions are developed as a result of the forces from politics and or the social interaction of various people in society or communities. These can entrap the people in the pockets of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the poverty is influenced a lot by these institutions which make inequality in power and wealth. This is because these institution directly shapes the countries economy and since most of these institution in Sub-Saharan Africa have facilitated in the insecurity of the property rights. These institutions include public schools and public goods. The poor property rights in Sub-Saharan countries have led to the low income and subsequent low income, thus persistently poor citizens. These institutions are involved with unequal divisions of products of social activities. Individuals on these countries are expected to adhere to the institutions status, and in most of the population of these individuals they refuse to rely on the status. The institutions enhance self enforcing conventions but it becomes very difficult for the poor people to have a control and to monitor the necessary collective action to shift the population in these countries from the state of inequality to equality. This is the reason why you will see that despite the fact that some countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa are rich in wealth, the amount of savings in the country will not be used to help the poor countries from their worst state, but rather the income will continue to yield more and more for the rich countries. The poor ends up becoming poorer while get richer. On the other hand, some of the institutions in the poor Sub-Saharan Africa have corrupt institutions which are either social or political institution. (De Soto2002.) To sort out the inequality issues, both collective actions are necessary to enhance motivation of every individual in the country against the traps of poverty. This collective action can be motivated using good public institutions, and thus if the Sub-Saharan countries can effectively make use of these institutions, in a collective action of each citizen in the poor countries, then the inequality levels can be minimized and shifted to equality whereby all members can easily over jump the traps of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the better off countries like South Africa and Nigeria among others can help a lot in eradicating the chronic poverty in the region if they can engage in cross countries equality promotion because their income is higher than the other countries thus equality can be achieved by collectively acting against inequality and poverty in general. In Sub-Saharan countries there is high inequality, where by instead of saving, the income wealth is wastefully consumed. Some countries also in the Sub-Saharan Africa are major net creditors, besides being heavily indebted. Boyce and Ndikumana 2000). The government of the country acts as a net debtor with the country being net creditor, meaning that some of these country end up investing their wealth outside the continent, thus not taking any role in eradicating of poverty in their own continent, but leading other countries in the continent to more and worse poverty status. An example to clarify this is dated back between the year 1970 and 1996, when a cumulative capital flight of around twenty five of Sub-Saharan countries was US$28. billion which was 1. 6 the continents total stock of external debts The social customs have played a role in the persistent of the poverty in Sub-Saharan countries. This is because the social customs are set by the society for every individual in the society to follow, without questioning. This means that despite the fact that a certain custom in the country can have an impact in the poverty persistence; all individual ought to without failure. This has encouraged poverty persistence giving no room to eradicate poverty. If anybody tends to deviate from the custom to enhance generation of income, he or she might never get the freedom to be in the society or to relate with other people in the society, and in many cases, the people who go against the social customs are regarded as outcasts in the society. This is usually associated with many disadvantages in the society, thus many people will prefer moving as per the custom for their safety. These traditional institutions have effects in the market place of many Sub-Saharan countries, and this has facilitated the persistent poverty in the region. The Neighborhood effects limit the poverty eradication in Sub-Saharan Africa. These effects include the aspirations role models or the network within various families and communities in the country. (Lal 2002). This is because the Sub-Saharan countries cost various individuals who differ in terms of social economic environment, thus various beliefs and preferences. Various social economic groups have different influence and this leads to various outcomes. Persistent inequality continuous to exist as a result of role model influence peer effect and other group related factors. Bauer 2000). When various groups of children grow up in any society, they usually grow up getting aspiration from their role models either in education or development. However in cases where there are no role models who exist in the neighborhood then the developing generation develops up with poor aspiration and for example there is a lack of role model in business and economics, then the developing generation e nd to have poor market, and labor aspirations, and this definitely causes poor income sources as well as poor labor production thus poverty. The poor aspirations are then transmitted to subsequent generation, causing persistent poverty in the region. The cycle gets repeat on and on because these children grow to form new neighborhood with each generation and this explains why the poverty becomes persistent. Groups influences determines individual outcome, various policies need to be established to ensure that charters are developed as well as magnet schools. These policies should be incorporated into public policies in order to enhance opportunity equality concentrated poverty undermines the community’s processes, thus explaining the reasons why poverty continuously get reproduced in a society. Poverty traps thus are the results of various factors such as economy production scales, political and economic institutions whose work is poor, the incomplete financial markets and the social customs. Due to the factors complexity and diversity, it’s thus hard to policy which can work against the chronic poverty. To help this various policies are to be involved, though designing them becomes a challenge. Various conventional methods have been used to measure the poverty traps. These models include: growth model, where we have the Solow model and AK model. The growth accounting in these models is not accurate, and the National income accounts data over estimates the Africa’s actual savings. Despite the fact that low technology and low savings have led to low levels of development, the conventional models used to determine this are neither accurate, nor consistent. It therefore means that despite the fact that various individuals may put a lot of effort to ensure that they are out of the poverty traps, a lot holds them back, thus they cannot individually jump over these traps, unless they collectively unite and act. This becomes a challenge since other factors within the countries and communities blocks the individuals.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev Essays - Deists, Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev Essays - Deists, Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev was born in the town of Tobolsk, Siberia on February 8,1834. He was the youngest of the 14 children . His father was the principal of a gymnasium ( a school where there is not only body development but there is also the development of the mind). His mother was very smart and self-educated . She used her brothers stuff who went to a university. In 1847 his father became blind of the cataracts on his eyes and was forced to retire. In order to support this very large family his mother opened a glass factory , but pretty soon the factory burned down in 1848 shortly after his father died. His family had to walk about 1000 miles to Moscow in order to get Dmitry into the University . He was not accepted . He and his then walked to St. Petersburg where he did get into the institute of pedagogy. In 1860 his mother died at the age of 59 , this was four years after he graduated the institute as science and math teacher. He would work in the Crimea until war . In 18 56 he returned to the St. Petersburg in 1856 and finished his MS degree at the St. Petersburg University. ?In 1869 he received a government grant to go get his Ph.D. in Paris with the Physicist Renault? . On the way to Paris he stopped in Poland somewhere near Cracow in order to visit the salt mines. While in the salt mines was the place where his first ideas start to develop. Why should KCl, NaCl, and NaBr look and behave alike. In Paris he work was mainly focused on thethermal expansion of the liquids and a year later he went to the Heidelberg where he became good friends with Borodin . Also worked with Bunsen ( the father of photochemistry) . They dislike each other greatly . When he returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 after completing his Ph.D. and became a professor at the Technical Institute at the age of 27. In 1863 he married one of his sister?s friend largely because of the influence from his sister. He did to really love each other ,but they had two children and mostly lived apart Mendeleev?s mother This picture shows Mendeleev and his wife attending some science convention in St.Petersburg Bibliography 1) Encyclopedia Britannica on-line at www.eb.com:180 Search query :Mendeleev 2) www.cis.lead.org/MUCT/Mendeleyev.html

A Crash Course in the Branches of Linguistics

A Crash Course in the Branches of Linguistics Dont confuse a linguist with a polyglot (someone whos able to speak many different languages) or with a language maven or SNOOT (a self-appointed authority on usage). A linguist is a specialist in the field of linguistics. So then, what is linguistics? Simply defined, linguistics is the scientific study of language. Though various types of language studies (including grammar and rhetoric) can be traced back over 2,500 years, the era of modern linguistics is barely two centuries old. Kicked off by the late-18th-century discovery that many European and Asian languages descended from a common tongue (Proto-Indo-European), modern linguistics was reshaped, first, by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) and more recently by Noam Chomsky (born 1928) and others. But theres a bit more to it than that. Multiple Perspectives on Linguistics Lets consider a few expanded definitions of linguistics. Everyone will agree that linguistics is concerned with the lexical and grammatical categories of individual languages, with differences between one type of language and another, and with historical relations within families of languages.(Peter Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2005)Linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language- into its structures and uses and the relationship between them, as well as into its development through history and its acquisition by children and adults. The scope of linguistics includes both language structure (and its underlying grammatical competence) and language use (and its underlying communicative competence).(Edward Finegan, Language: Its Structure and Use, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Linguistics is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of the human behaviour and of the human faculties, perhaps one of the most essential to human life as we know it, and one of the most far-reaching of human capabilities in relation to the whole span of mankind’s achievements.(Robert Henry Robins, General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey, 4th ed. Longmans, 1989) There is often considerable tension in linguistics departments between those who study linguistic knowledge as an abstract computational system, ultimately embedded in the human brain, and those who are more concerned with language as a social system played out in human interactional patterns and networks of beliefs. . . . Although most theoretical linguists are reasonable types, they are sometimes accused of seeing human language as purely a formal, abstract system, and of marginalizing the importance of sociolinguistic research.(Christopher J. Hall, An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell. Continuum, 2005) The tension that Hall refers to in this last passage is reflected, in part, by the many different types of linguistic studies that exist today. Branches of Linguistics Like most academic disciplines, linguistics has been divided into numerous overlapping subfields- a stew of alien and undigestible terms, as Randy Allen Harris characterized them in his 1993 book The Linguistics Wars (Oxford University Press). Using the sentence Fideau chased the cat as an example, Allen offered this crash course in the major branches of linguistics. (Follow the links to learn more about these subfields.) Phonetics concerns the acoustic waveform itself, the systematic disruptions of air molecules that occur whenever someone utters the expression.Phonology concerns the elements of that waveform which recognizably punctuate the sonic flow- consonants, vowels, and syllables, represented on this page by letters.Morphology concerns the words and meaningful subwords constructed out of the phonological elements- that Fideau is a noun, naming some mongrel, that chase is a verb signifying a specific action which calls for both a chaser and a chasee, that -ed is a suffix indicating past action, and so on.Syntax concerns the arrangement of those morphological elements into phrases and sentences- that chased the cat is a verb phrase, that the cat is its noun phrase (the chasee), that Fideau is another noun phrase (the chaser), that the whole thing is a sentence.Semantics concerns the proposition expressed by that sentence- in particular, that it is true if and only if some mutt named Fideau has c hased some definite cat. Though handy, Harriss list of linguistic subfields is far from comprehensive. In fact, some of the most innovative work in contemporary language studies is being carried out in even more specialized branches, some of which hardly existed 30 or 40 years ago. Here, without the assistance of Fideau, is a sample of those specialized branches: applied linguistics, cognitive linguistics, contact linguistics, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, forensic linguistics, graphology, historical linguistics, language acquisition, lexicology, linguistic anthropology, neurolinguistics, paralinguistics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and stylistics. Is That All There Is? Certainly not. For both the scholar and the general reader, many fine books on linguistics and its subfields are available. But if asked to recommend a single text that is at once knowledgeable, accessible, and thoroughly enjoyable, plump for The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., by David Crystal (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Just be warned: Crystals book may turn you into a budding linguist.